The Importance of Ecumenism

The Importance of Ecumenism That they all may be one; as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be one in us: that the world may believe that you have sent me (John 17:21) Ecumenism must always be a concept that is central to good Christian living; it is a concept that should be alive and active and a concept that should always be served effectively through thought, through word and through action. Ecumenism is a word that is mentioned a lot within the wider universal church, but what exactly is it? What does it mean, and does it really matter? It is a concept within the Christian faith that aims to restore unity both amongst and within different Christian denominations. Central to the concept of ecumenism are the themes of unity, fellowship and collaboration. Christian unity and thus ecumenism is something that all Christians should be concerned with. For Catholics, ecumenism should be considered a vital mission of the Church, for it was Christ who gave us the gift of unity and thus all of us should strive to enhance, restore and maintain this gift as appropriate. In recent times, more than ever before, He has been rousing divided Christians to remorse over their divisions and to a longing for unity. Everywhere large numbers have felt the impulse of this grace, and among our separated brethren also there increases from day to day the movement, fostered by the grace of the Holy Spirit, for the restoration of unity among all Christians. This movement toward unity is called ecumenical (U.R., 1964). Quite often as Christians it can be all too easy for each of us to identify the divisions and obstacles between ourselves and those of other Christian denominations, but what unites us is far stronger than what divides us. If Christians are to be truly ecumenical in their outlook, then better relationships and better understandings of different Christian perspectives are essential both from an internal and external perspective on the part of the individual. Catholics in particular should remember that within the Roman Catholic Church there are many different rites and that while all are focused on the same God adored in three persons, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, the different rites are often unique in terms of aspects of heritage, liturgy, tradition, customs and cultures. The key word with regard to the uniqueness of the different rites within the Catholic Church and between other Christian denominations is diversity and diversity should be a source of celebration and rejoicing rather than division and separation. The Ordinariate, for example, as a rite within the Catholic Church has a style and patrimony that is distinct from other rites and groups within the wider Catholic Church and what is important to remember is that diversity is not a bad thing but it is a good thing. Rather than looking at diversity as something that prevents unity or acts as a barrier to it, we should come to understand and appreciate that diversity is actually something that seeks to enhance unity. The Catholic Church embraces with hope the commitment to ecumenism as a duty of the Christian conscience enlightened by faith and guided by love. Here too we can apply the words of Saint Paul to the first Christians of Rome: Gods love has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit; thus our hope does not disappoint us (Rom 5:5). This is the hope of Christian unity, which has its divine source in the Trinitarian unity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit (U.U.S., 1995). In a society where the message of the Gospels appears to be absent in so many ways, all Christian denominations should seek to work together to be people of faith in what can often be a dark and troubled world. Spreading the message of Jesus to those around us is part of our duty as Christians. We must also see the face of God in all of those around us and constantly seek to do what is right and just. For Catholics, working and engaging positively and in cooperation with other Christian denominations who worship or pray in a different manner from ourselves and who express their faith in different ways is essential for unity. What is important is that God must always be our focus, that individuals should strive to be dignified and reverent in their own style of worship and prayer. Further to this, Catholics should acknowledge their duty to engage with other Christian denominations at every opportunity. This can be through local partnerships and national initiatives, there are many opportunities for Catholics to engage with other Christians in a unified manner. For they are of the opinion that the unity of faith and government, which is a note of the one true Church of Christ, has hardly up to the present time existed, and does not to-day exist. They consider that this unity may indeed be desired and that it may even be one day attained through the instrumentality of wills directed to a common end, but that meanwhile it can only be regarded as mere ideal. They add that the Church in itself, or of its nature, is divided into sections; that is to say, that it is made up of several churches or distinct communities, which still remain separate, and although having certain articles of doctrine in common, nevertheless disagree concerning the remainder; that these all enjoy the same rights; and that the Church was one and unique from, at the most, the apostolic age until the first Ecumenical Councils. Controversies therefore, they say, and longstanding differences of opinion which keep asunder till the present day the members of the Christian fami ly, must be entirely put aside, and from the remaining doctrines a common form of faith drawn up and proposed for belief, and in the profession of which all may not only know but feel that they are brothers. The manifold churches or communities, if united in some kind of universal federation, would then be in a position to oppose strongly and with success the progress of irreligion (M.A., 1928) The need for greater care and attention to be shown to the whole human race is very much apparent in todays society and through common fellowship centred on Jesus Christ; Christians of all denominations can be a common and unified voice of faith in our society. The voice of Christians who are united is one that can promote the values of honesty, integrity, kindness, compassion, support and sensitivity throughout society and can show to society as a whole that valuing the human dignity and worth of every single person is something of great importance. The path to full Christian unity is an ongoing journey, but all of us must respect our brothers and sisters of different denominations, remembering that unity is something desired by God. Christ bestowed unity on his Church from the beginning. This unity, we believe, subsists in the Catholic Church as something she can never lose, and we hope that it will continue to increase until the end of time.Christ always gives his Church the gift of unity, but the Church must always pray and work to maintain, reinforce, and perfect the unity that Christ wills for her. This is why Jesus himself prayed at the hour of his Passion, and does not cease praying to his Father, for the unity of his disciples: That they may all be one. As you, Father, are in me and I am in you, may they also be one in us, . . . so that the world may know that you have sent me.The desire to recover the unity of all Christians is a gift of Christ and a call of the Holy Spirit. (C.C.C., 2011) It is fantastic that the Year of Mercy was embraced by both Catholics and non-Catholics alike and even though the Year of Mercy has now officially ended, its legacy will live on for many years to come. In order for us all to be able fully to embrace the concept of Christian unity, forgiveness and mercy must be central elements in our approach to the idea of unity with all of us remembering that unity is like teamwork, it gives us all the potential to allow us to achieve far more collectively than we can on an individual level. In addition to physical action, prayer is a key component in achieving Christian unity. It is though prayer that we become closer to God and while praying may not always be easy, it is a way in which all of us can truly open our hearts and minds to God. Praying for Christian unity is something of great importance and is something we should all try to do, as is praying with our fellow Christians. We must remember that unity begins at the foot of the cross. As with teamwork, unity is a collective effort that has the potential to achieve far more than can be achieved on an individual level. As individuals, we are all precious in the eyes of God, we are all equal and though Christian unity we can all seek to glorify God in collective and sincere manners. Striving for unity both within the Catholic Church and within the Christian faith as a whole must continue. The challenges and barriers to unity must be constantly worked on in order for unity to be achieved. All of us have our part to play, through prayer, acknowledgement, understanding, appreciation, engagement and fellowship with all Catholics and people of the Christian faith. Ecumenism should not be seen as a trivial matter as its aim is ultimately for us all to be one, one with each other and one with God, the father of all. Christian unity is something all Christians should be concerned with. Perhaps we should all ponder on the first few words of Psalm 132 Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity. All Bible quotes are from The Jerusalem Bible. Catechism Catholic Church, 2011. YOUCAT. English Language ed. s.l.:Catholic Truth Society. Web resourses: internet source 1: John Paul II, 1995. Ut Unum Sint (25 May 1995) | John Paul II. Available at: http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25051995_ut-unum-sint.html[Accessed 10th February 2017]. Internet source 2: Pius XI, 1928. Mortalium Animos (January 6, 1928) | PIUS XI.Available at: http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19280106_mortalium-animos.html[Accessed 11th February 2017]. Internet source 3: Vatican II, 1964. Unitatis redintegratio. Available at: http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html[Accessed 10th February 2017]. Word count 1125.

How effective is tuberculosis (TB) treatment in less economically developed countries?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by several bacteria called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. The bacterium were discovered and named as a cause of TB in 1882 by the German Biologist Robert Koch. Tubercle bacillus is a small and extremely dangerous bacterium; it has a long life span and can survive for months in dryness and resist mild disinfectants (Stefan, 2000). TB is a contagious disease which spreads in similar way to common cold and flu viruses; the bacteria are transferred from host to host in small droplets. There are numerous types of TB, of which Pulmonary TB is one. It can be transferred when an infected person sneezes, coughs or spits and an uninfected person comes into contact with the droplets, for example in saliva (Stefan, 2000). Symptoms The symptoms of this disease are severe coughing including bloody mucus, chest pains, shortness in breathe, fever, weight loss and sweating. The secondary infection affects the immune system, bones and gut. The most common scenario when infected with TB is when a person contacts it following another disease or infection which has weakened the immune system. For example when a person has the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) their immune system is weakened; people with HIV therefore show an increased rate of TB infections. Only when you show symptoms of TB can you infect others (Ottenhoff and Kaufmann, 2012). Organ infected by tuberculosis TB is an extremely harmful disease cause by microorganisms called ‘Tubercle bacillus’. It harms many organs in the human body. It mainly affects the lung (as shown in figure 1) and that is called ‘pulmonary tuberculosis’ the initial symptom last up to 6/7 months. During this long time period the immune system fights of the disease and bacterium. After that period and the immune system resisting the disease some particles of the bacteria escapes into the bloodstream, this is then carried around the body. Usually the immune system cannot stop the bacteria and leads to being untreated. If left untreated for a long period of time then the environment in the body is perfect for the bacteria to multiple, this is extremely dangerous as the tissues of the organ for example; the tissue of the lung may become infected. When the lung is infected it results in destruction in the respiratory system. It is important this is not left unattended as it will cause permanent s carring to the tissues of organs. Diagnosis The main method of diagnosing TB is a harmless skin test. This is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid under the skin around the forearm; this is a special fluid containing a protein copied from the microorganism Tubercle bacillus. After a few days the area where the fluid was injected is visually scanned. To determine whether you have the infection the scientist will measure the diameter and hardness of skin where the injection was placed. If the area if hard and the skin appears to be raised it will mean you have a bacterial protein present in your body. The redness in the area injection is not taken in to account. With this test it is possible to get false positive, for example a negative test does not mean you do not have TB. If the test is positive a chest x-ray will be taken to assess whether the TB infection is active (see figure 1). Areas affected by tuberculosis TB was a main cause of death in the late 19th century and early 20th century. TB still occurs in humans worldwide but more concentrated in many developing countries and kills 4 out of 10 people who are infected. Figure 2 shows that over 15 years (1990 to 2005) the estimated TB incidence rate global has not changed much, with incidence in Europe slowly increasing whilst staying below the global average. In Africa however the estimated incidence has remained above the global average. Figure 2 also demonstrates that having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for being infected with TB. HIV is a condition which affects a person immune system, and so makes suffers more vulnerable disease. Therefore attempting to reduce the prevalence of HIV could also reduce the rate of TB in Africa population. This is a social problem as HIV is spread by contact with bodily fluid from a HIV suffer, therefor social education programs about safe conduct with HIV suffers could help reduce both disease and HIV. However the data (fig 2) only shows up to 2005. More recent data would be needed to see how the rates have changed from 2005-present. suffers more vulnerable disease. There is also a correllation between TB and economic condition. Hihgest incidences are seen in africa, where the gross domestic product (GDP) is low. The world health organisation (WHO) predicted that 8 million people per annum contract TB, 95% of these cases are found in developing countries. It is estimated that 3 million perople die from TB every year, which means the 4 put of 10 people infected from developing countries die each year. Immigration (process of relocation permanently to a foreign country or area) is increasing which leads to countries that usually have relatively low incidence of TB reporting an increase in the number if case per annum. TB is often referred to as a disease of poverty because it is common in developing countries. TB is transmitted in those conditions with areas that are overcrowded, have poor ventilation and a lack of nutrients in their diet. Living in an overcrowded area increases the risk of contracting TB as the airborne droplets are able spread faster; an example of this would be an overcrowded area such as a prison. Groups who have the largest chances of catching the disease are those who have close contact with infected persons over a long period of time and live in a poorly ventilated room. Figure 3 shows clearly that the continent of Africa has the highest number of TB cases in its population. There is a link between poverty and TB. This is because the population there is living in a poor lifestyle or HIV is very common. As discussed above, HIV makes a person vulnerable to TB because it weakens the immune system. Another reason for this economic link could be that hard manual workers, with lower economic status, often live on a diet with fewer nutrients, which also weakens the immune system, leaving a person more vulnerable to TB. Because this is a disease of poverty’ there are economic implications; the countries affected have no money to invest in finding treatment and research. The burden then falls on more economically developed countries. However because of the benefits being gained from this; pharmaceuticals companies invest little money into TB research. The reliability of fig 3 on the estimated of the cases varies depending on the sources. Economically developing countries have easy access to medical data, e.g. NHS in UK. However data on less economically developed countries is less reliable due to less health services. 1.2 Different types of antibiotics Isoniazoid is the drug most commonly used to treat TB, and is the most effective. Isoniazoid is bactericidal (capable of killing bacteria and viruses), non-toxic, easy to access and inexpensive. The usual dosage is 3 to 5mg/kg body mass produced in a peak concentration. The drug is effective because it travels throughout the entire body, including the cavities. The drug concentration is alike to the concentration found in the serum. Rifampin is also a bactericidal for TB. Like Isoniazoid it is non-toxic and is easy to access. It is effective as it is absorbed quickly from the stomach lining and intestines. After a few hours the serum concentration increases; when digested it absorbs into the tissues and cells. It can have very bad side affects even though the drug is a protein bound. The most common side effect is damage to the stomach lining. Other side effects include skin irritation, yellow urine, nausea and joint pain. These side effects are quite rare. TABLE!!!!! Development in treatment for TB The technology and knowledge about TB is increasing. There are number of new drugs tested, including amikacin, quinolones, rifamycin derivatives, clofazimine, and beta-lactams. They have all been tested separately but have not been tested in a multidrug regimen for treating TB. The recent increase in the occurrence of multi drug resistant TB creates an increase in the need to consider multi drug regimen as a treatment option. While all these medication have been tested none of them have been evaluated as a well designed drug. Appropriate dosage and intervals for the use of these drugs for TB has not yet be established. However WHO reported that only 1 anti-TB drug has actually come on the market in the last 28 years. This is said to be because pharmaceutical companies have lost interest in TB research because there is little or no profit associated with it (Blanc and Nun, 2000). However the source is from 2000; not up to date. New drugs for TB could have be reported after the time pe riod 2000. Vaccination There is only one vaccination for TB available and it is called bacillus calmette Guerin (BCG) (see figure 4). Scientist began testing between 1921 and 1924 on animal models which raised ethical concerns as many deemed testing on animals wrong, therefore BCG was considered a controversial drug. Throughout testing of the BCG vaccine promising results were found, and it was therefore distributed worldwide as an effective treatment for TB. Today BCG is regarded as the most widely used vaccine, and is being provided to less economically developed countries as a quick way of curing TB; this excludes people with HIV. The use of BCG vaccination faces some problems as it uses a live form of TB, the BCG is therefore not suitable for use in patients with HIV as they already have a compromised immune system, so exposing them to a live virus increases their chances of becoming infected with TB. Many vaccinations against TB are being developed. The most popular vaccine is the subunit vaccine. This vaccine is a protein obtained from the disease TB. Using a mixture of these proteins has shown good results. As it is a cellular vaccine and does not pose a risk of causing the disease. A DNA bases vaccine has been tested and has also showed promising results. The vaccine uses DNA as a system to deliver TB antigens. The DNA based vaccine does not have any problem with where the disease first originates and induces long lasting immunity. Several trails with DNA vaccination have shown protection against TB. It does this by releasing more concentrated ‘lymphocytes’ blood cells and are more effective towards the infected cells. Within the next few years, these vaccines should be available and safe for testing on human specimens. When a clinical trial is set up it is always in a lab, firstly on animals. This data is deemed reliable as it is done in a lab, but requires further human testing before data is valid for human treatment. Conclusion â€Å"We cannot win the battle against HIV/AIDs if we do not also fight TB. TB is too often a death sentence for people with HIV/AIDs† – Nelson Mandela XV international AIDs conference, Bangkok,July 2004 There is a link between developing countries and the prevalence of TB. Ways to prevent this could be to provide new-borns with a vaccine against TB; however that could bring the risk of the new-born being infected with the active disease if their immune system is weak.

Obedience A Moral Virtue - 1786 Words

Obedience: a moral virtue which society places significant importance to, for to obey is â€Å"as basic an element in the structure of social life† (Milgram, 1963). Yet, such a virtue possesses a dark side as well coined as â€Å"destructive obedience† by Stanley Milgram. It is defined as â€Å"a set of behaviours of uncritical acceptance of immoral or illegitimate requests by an authority† (Pozzi et al, 2014, p. 19). Evidence of this is omnipresent in the history of mankind, as was seen prominently in the Second World War and the Vietnam War, and even up to the present time, particularly in the Middle East, where world leaders and military leaders alike order their people to commit heinous acts, which led to the deaths of many innocent people. Even in†¦show more content†¦Conscientiousness, according to this model, is defined as someone who values order, duty, self-discipline, and achievement (McCrae John, p. 178, 1992; Ha et al, 2013). Hence, those h igh in conscientiousness are revered by society as they seem to promote prosocial behaviour. Hence, it is no surprise that it is a characteristic valued particularly by East Asian collectivistic cultures, which is evident in their political ideologies (Kim, Atkinson, Yang, 1999). They are also individuals who are â€Å"likely to invest in religious beliefs and practices† (Saroglou, 2010). In addition to this, conscientious people tend to live longer as they are more informed and more in control of their emotional and cognitive processes (Terracciano et al, p. 625, 2008). Interestingly, conscientious people â€Å"may experience internal conflict between concern for the self and concern for others† (Reisert Comte, 2004, p. 75), which makes them an interesting prospect for the study of obedience. As someone who values order and duty, they are expected to be submissive to authority figures (Begue et al, 2015, p.299). For instance, they are more likely to participate in c ivic duty than participate in activities â€Å"that are not necessarily linked to social norms,† such as protesting (Ha et al, p. 516, 2013), for protesting creates disorder and defies their sense of duty (Kandola Egan, 2014). InShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem† Disobedience as a Phycological Moral Problem by Erich Fromm796 Words   |  4 PagesDISOBEDIENCE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MORAL PROBLEM 1 â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem† Erich Fromm Summaries Name Class Professor Date DISOBEDIENCE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MORAL PROBLEM 2 â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem† Erich Fromm Erich Fromm’s essay â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem† suggests that humankind’sRead MoreDisobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem780 Words   |  4 PagesDISOBEDIENCE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MORAL PROBLEM 2 â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem† Erich Fromm Erich Fromm’s essay â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem† suggests that humankind’s evolution has, and continues to rely on man’s capability to exercise disobedience. While discussing the positions of disobedience being considered a vice, and obedience being a virtue, Fromm reflects upon the history of Adam and Eve believingRead MoreA Critique Of Erich Fromm774 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem† Erich Fromm is â€Å"one of the twentieth century’s distinguished writers and thinkers† and has many interests in psychology, philosophy, history and sociology. He closely studied the works of Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx and has published on both of the philosophers. In his article â€Å"Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem†, Erich Fromm, successfully discusses his views on the debated fact of obedience vs disobedience in human evolution andRead MoreEssay about St. Francis And The Franciscan Admonitions945 Words   |  4 PagesAdmonitions are instructions created to emphasize important virtues such as obedience, poverty, and humility. In â€Å"Perfect and Imperfect Obedience† Francis speaks of the Lord’s Gospel â€Å"Every one of you who does not renounce all that he posses cannot be my disciple†¦ He who would save his life will lose it† . In doing so, Francis is explaining that true obedience is not to one’s self, but, to God as well as one’s neighbor. True obedience is also shown through the sacrifice of themselves for their beliefsRead MoreEssay about Confucius and Aristotle on Virtue953 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle on Virtue Lisa Wilson Dr. Malone Date 12/5/2015 Confucius and Aristotle are some of the greatest thinkers in the history of mankind. While Confucius was born in China and spearheaded a new way of perceiving morality, Aristotle was born in Macedon/Greece and also immersed his philosophical work to addressing moral thinking.Both philosophers have addressed similar subjects with major points of divergence and convergence. On virtue, these twoRead MoreA Few Good Men By Erich Fromm And Stanley Milgram1214 Words   |  5 Pagesexplored the morals behind obedience, and how disobedience of immoral commands can bring betterment to others. Although A Few Good Men presents disobedience as being a vice, evidence from Milgram and Fromm suggest that disobedience can bring about an improvement on current conditions. In A Few Good Men, both Lance Cpl. Harold W. Dawson and Pfc. Louden Downey were obedient to Col. Nathan R. Jessup’s order to give Santiago the Code Red, even though it went against their preset morals. Dawson saw, throughRead More Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pageshumans of appealing to a standard of absolute truth in quarrels and arguments. He calls this standard the Law of Nature or the Moral Law. The Law isnt the same as the law of gravity because in the latter case, we have no choice but to obey physical laws. The Law that governs human conduct is distinct, then, from the way the universe works. Lewis concludes that the moral law is alive and active in human lives. According to Lewis, science cannot be used to discover the mind behind the creation ofRead MoreA Sit Down Conversion With My Company Officer1219 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the discussion, we concluded that while it is certainly important to trust in your Chief, as is typically a g ood thing to do, it is still crucial to be a cognizant of the situation and to question actions I feel are risky or wrong. On strictly moral grounds, we must realize lying about completed jobs, or â€Å"gun-decking,† is wrong. Although Chief may have 18 years of experience in the Navy, it does not necessarily mean he is always right. Sometimes the right thing to do is to go behind a closed doorRead MoreIncidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesversus black women. Harriet Jacobs serves as an example of the female slaves desire to maintain the prescribed virtues but how her circumstances often prevented her from practicing. Expectations of the women of the era resided in four arenas: piety, purity, domesticity and obedience. The conditions that the female slave lived in were opposed to the standards and virtues set by the society. It resulted in the female slave being refused what was considered the identity of womanhoodRead MoreThe Roman Concept Of Pietas874 Words   |  4 Pagespatriarchal society, and for being a society in which a person’s morals and virtues were a prudent portion of their identity. In ancient times, Roman’s based a majority of their philosophy off of their moralistic standards. The Romans began to distinguish themselves through applying their morals and virtues to their philosophy, and in turn became a society in which an individual’s actions were governed in large part, by their moral compass. A classic example of this application can be seen in the

Performance Readiness And Leadership Styles - 852 Words

Performance readiness is defined as the extent to which a follower demonstrates the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task and assumes that people tend to be at different levels of readiness depending on the task they are asked to do (Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, 2008, p. 135). In uncomplicated terms, performance readiness is simply how ready a person is to perform a particular task (Hersey et al., 2008, p. 135). Thus, it is paramount for leaders to understand that different behaviors are needed when addressing or leading individuals or groups with different performance readiness levels (Hersey et al., 2008). The two components of performance readiness are ability and willingness, ability is the demonstrated knowledge, experience, and skill an individual or group has to perform a task while willingness is the extent to which an individual or group has demonstrated confidence, commitment, and motivation to accomplish a specific task (Hersey et al., 2008, p. 136). Performance readiness, like leadership styles, has four levels, and with each of the four levels, a leader can expect certain behaviors. Performance readiness level 1 (R1), is usually matched with leadership style 1, thus, followers at this level are unable and insecure or unable or willing and lack confidence, commitment, and motivation (Hersey et al., 2008). Typically a follower will exhibit confused and unclear behaviors, fear and anxiousness, reticence to completing tasks or simply performShow MoreRelatedLeadership Vs. Situational Leadership1530 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is seen as a process where a person influences others in doing a specific task. When a leader want to motivate or influences his employees or assist them in their career development, they need to understand which type of leadership style they should use, which can be challenging. According to Ken Blanchard, leadership is â€Å"the pattern of behaviors you use when you are trying to influence the behavio r of others as perceived by them†. There are various types of leadership models which canRead MoreTheories of Leadership Essay example1492 Words   |  6 PagesSituational Leadership: Houses Path-Goal verses Hersey and Blanchards Leadership Model Situational Leadership: Houses Path-Goal verses Hersey and Blanchards Leadership Model Do you ever reflect on someone that had or has such a positive impact on you that when you think of them words like competent, inspiring, intelligent, courageous, respect, and mentor come to mind? Chances are all of us have had or still have someone like this in our lives, and that someone, is an effective leaderRead MoreLeadership Theory And Situational Leadership1621 Words   |  7 PagesLaFeve AS 301 30 October 2015 Midterm Paper Leadership is one of the human traits that are looked up to the most. When a task is at hand many people look around for someone to lead them and take charge. Leadership has been a part of The Air Force since it was created in 1947. Recently more emphasis and researching went into leadership and scholars provided leadership theories. Two of the theories are the Full Range Leadership model and the Situational Leadership model. Both of these theories provide ideasRead MoreVisionary Leadership : Vision And Values Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesVisionary Leadership Visionary leadership focuses on encouraging people to believe, and helping them carry out the vision of the organization. According to Tompkins, Visionary leadership theory holds that those in position of responsibility must develop a clear vision of organizational success, articulate the values by which success will be achieved, symbolize vision and values in everything they do, and inspire organizational members to adopt the vision and values as their own (Tompkins, 2005).Read MoreLeadership Style That Changed Over The Years1716 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is often an ambiguous term used to describe those individuals who are managing people and processes. There are as many styles of leadership as there are industries who utilize them. Most often, the culture of an industry creates a particular type of leader or manager, and individuals who wish to become leaders must change their style to reflect that of the culture. However, I believe that everyone has a leadership style tha t reflects who they are, and if provided the opportunity to utilizeRead MoreFollower Readiness as It Relates to Situational Leadership Model1593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concept of Follower Readiness As It Relates To Situational Leadership Model Developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard, situational leadership is a contingency model that focuses on the followers. The model suggests that successful leadership is accomplished by selecting the right leadership style, based on the level of followers readiness. Emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leader. Regardless ofRead MoreEssay on Situational Leadership Analysis1299 Words   |  6 PagesHersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) asserts that a leader’s effectiveness is dependent upon the readiness, or ability and willingness, of the leader’s followers to complete a task. This leadership style is an amalgamation of task-oriented and relationship-oriented characteristics that are employed depending upon the situation and the followers involved. According to the SLT, as followers increase in readiness the leader’s style is to adapt acco rdingly (Kinicki KreitnerRead MoreLeadership in Management and the Great Man theory Essay697 Words   |  3 PagesLeadership in top management and organisations for centuries have fascinated humankind and even gathering more storm as organisations continually change in structure either through merger and acquisition, joint ventures, etc. 21st century organizations require good leadership to revitalise and survive in today’s highly competitive market; which is also critically important to nations. (Boloden, R., Gosling, J., Marlushro, A. and Dennson, P. :Leadership Theory and Competency). There has beenRead MoreLeadership And Ethics Of Leadership1448 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Ethics Leadership styles and approaches vary from situation to situation, including the personality, knowledge, skills, and abilities of the leader and the followers. Employees teach the leader how to lead them. Their competence, ability, and willingness to complete a task are indicators, which assist the direction of leadership the leader takes. Keeping all of this in mind, we will describe and analyze the Situational and Style leadership approaches. Situational Leadership Read MoreThe Leadership Traits And Behaviors Of Ben Samuels And Phil Jones984 Words   |  4 Pages1) Compare the leadership traits and behaviors of Ben Samuels and Phil Jones. In what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different? Ben Samuels exhibited democratic behaviors while Phil Jones is best described as an autocrat. Ben exhibited many consideration behaviors if one is going to use the Ohio State Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) (Daft, 2015, p. 46). Consideration behaviors exhibited by Ben include listening carefully to problems and establishing mutual trust. By

I Am From South Africa - 2355 Words

I am from South Africa. When I was growing up I grew up without my parents, my father denied me in front of my family and said he was not my father and therefore he was not going to take care of me, my mother on the other hand was living in a boarding school because she had to continue school even though she had a child, I was forced at a young age to start thinking like a independent woman. Furthermore, my mother left South Africa when I was 10 years old and she barely came back during the years, I am now 22 years old, working two jobs and paying for my own school fees. Ever since I was young independence was something that was imbedded in me and even now I carry independence in my blood. I live on my own even though my mother Is here in America because my mind and body has taught itself that It want dependent on anybody but it will work hand to be more independent and hopefully reach my goals. After reading Arabian Jazz I connected so well with Melvina , she is independent , she st rives for success and she does not let anyone get in her way, her characteristics make me connect with her and her ability to learn at the end how to be sympathetic to others and know she can have it all: love culture and a career. Everyone in the world can have it all, be independent, have leadership skills in your blood, have smypathy and strive to be the best in all the choices they make when it comes to their careers and life. A person’s past should not determine what they become in life,Show MoreRelatedNelson Mandela and Leadership Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesfreeing South Africa from the binds of racial segregation forever. However, it was not an easy road and Mandela needed patience, strength of character, focus, passion, understanding, perseverance, and most importantly, forgiveness, to achieve this. For more than forty years, black South Africans were subject to the harsh racial segregation of the Apartheid system; despite making up over 70% of South Africa’s population, they had little to no rights. Mandela had a vision for South Africa, of whichRead MoreBenefits Of Economic Globalization On South Africa Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesGVPT200-Essay II South Africa has reaped the benefits of economic globalization first hand as it has emerged to become a major economic power in Africa, especially in recent years. This country has been infamously plagued by apartheid, an inhumane policy of segregation based on grounds of race, which also had economic consequences as trade sanctions were established in 1986 by the United States in response to South Africa’s policy of apartheid. However, apartheid ended in the 1990s and the South AfricanRead MoreDisgrace Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever imagined a white South African begging for money from a black man on the street? Can you believe this black man throwing few coins at him? That is what I saw when I traveled in South Africa in 1998. In fact, South Africa has undergone a rapid and fundamental change. In four years - from 1990 to 1994 - the country succeeded in getting past a painful transition from an autocratic white minority rule to a black majority rule. Its pol itical and economic institutions have been restructuredRead MoreNelson Mandela And The Anti Apartheid Movement1150 Words   |  5 Pagesname I have no idea. My name is Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela and I was born in July 18th 1918. I have seen much in my lifetime and my goal was to unshackle my homeland of South Africa from its white oppressors. I had gone from living in a straw hut, to prison, and becoming the first black and democratically elected president of South Africa. I feel I am nearing the end of my life and have put in my will that this book be released after my story reaches its happy end. In my second biography I willRead More`` Invictus `` By William Earnest Henley1361 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul.† These wise words come from the poem â€Å"Invictus† by William Earnest Henley. Basically, this means that you control your fate, and that things don’t happen by chance, they happen because of the cho ices you make. You control where you go in life and how you treat others. In the film Invictus, Nelson Mandela joins forces with the South Africa rugby team in order to unite their nation, which was still racially divided due to apartheid. This inspiringRead MoreAnalysis Of Adam Ashforths Madumo, A Man Bewitched1069 Words   |  5 PagesAdam Ashforth’s Madumo, a Man Bewitched presents a personal ethnographic account of witchcraft, religion, and culture among the Soweto people in South Africa. In the book, Ashforth recounts his adventures with his Sowetan friend, Madumo, who, after a series of misfortunes, believes he has been cursed by witchcraft and is in search of a cure. Madumo seeks the aid of both a traditional healer (inyanga) and the Zion Christian Church (ZCC), formed form the syncretism of African and evangelical beliefsRead MoreApartheid : Do We Want For Just Get Over It `` And Move On `` Too Quickly?867 Words   |  4 Pagesnot just from frustrated white people o r the born-frees of our generation but even those that apartheid laws directly affected at the time of its existence. Am I being too extreme in my approach to or opinion of our post-apartheid South Africa? Am I perhaps allowing a personal struggle to taint my perception of the view of others like me – other previously disadvantaged individuals? Do I assume too quickly that other black and coloured South Africans understand life in South Africa the way I have comeRead MoreMy Field Of Interest On Health Care1417 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Description of Context I chose to do my field of interest on health care and I will be doing it on a global level. I feel like health care all over the world is not equal for everyone. I am going to focus on 3 different countries and also focus on how men and women get different health care options within their country. The countries I will be comparing will be Canada, Czech Republic and South Africa. These countries are very different when it comes to health care systems and thereRead MoreStrengths and Weaknesses: A Personal Reflection709 Words   |  3 Pageshonesty and passion towards my work. I have always been positive and confident regarding my aims and targets. Along with these, I am a good decision maker, due to which I can make right and quick decisions. Moreover, I have ability to motivate others and do team work. I am also a responsible person, when I make a target; I work day and night to achieve my goal. Weaknesses I often get tense and feel over burdened when there is workload and too many tasks to handle. I often avoid the risk related activities;Read MoreMy Field Of Interest On Health Care1383 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Description of Context I chose to do my field of interest on health care and I will be doing it on a global level because I feel like health care all of the world is not equal for everyone. I am going to focus on 3 different countries and also focus on how men and women get different health care options within their country. The countries I will be comparing will be Canada, Czech Republic and Africa. These countries are very different when it comes to health care systems and there

A beauty Free Essays

Talking about Charles Newman in the story Charles is a dear friend of the writer The writer views Charles as beautiful Other people think Charles is beautiful The beauty the writer sees in Charles is not hindered by anything he says or does Charles has soft blonde hair and blue eyes Charles is unmarried â€Å"The thing I liked least about Charlie was his way of carrying on with several women P. 56 Charles has a steady girlfriend at a time†¦ † Charles has a side girlfriend Although Charles is imperfect the writer expresses still seeing the beauty in Charles The writer rates the Subject in a way to present the flaws of the character but also the ability to love him in spite of It. The writer expresses being close to beauty can make one feel more beautiful and worthy themselves regardless of their own inherent qualities Charles was loyal to friends Charles had a way with people Charles was blessed with good looks, this made things easier for him, and his friends. We will write a custom essay sample on A beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Charles enjoyed the finer things, such as museums and art It’s not easy to abandon the Idea that beauty can never really be skin deep, that nine beauty is not only unproblematic but also somehow a sign of an essential goodness. P. 57 The writer equates beauty with wholesomeness The writer Is male and married The writer has no need to fear Charles beauty Charles Is slightly flawed but a person who none the less was â€Å"Beautiful†. Charles Is better able to understand or relate to the people around him because his beauty does more than simply draw people to him, It puts him In situations where he Is able to understand or relate to the people around him because of It Response I couldn’t understand why the writer chose Charles as the subject I did Identify with dismissing my loved ones flaws I also Identified with dwellings some of the actions of attractive people I liked the point about, beautiful people being able to lead and teach I also liked the point about, beautiful people being more comfortable and because of It the are able to network and meet new people. I was Interested to find at the middle of the story that the writer was a man. I was also Interested by the what the writer may have meet hen he spoke of how and who Charles had left his Thales,upon passing away. I liked that my feelings about the subject continued to change as the essay evolved. A beauty By lea_lactate the ability to love him in spite of it. The writer expresses being close to beauty can It’s not easy to abandon the idea that beauty can never really be skin deep, that The writer is male and married Charles is slightly flawed but a person who none the less was â€Å"Beautiful†. Charles is does more than simply draw people to him, it puts him in situations where he is able o understand or relate to the people around him because of it I couldn’t understand why the writer chose Charles as the subject I did identify with I also identified with dismissing some of the actions of attractive people I liked the about, beautiful people being more comfortable and because of it the are able to network and meet new people. How to cite A beauty, Papers

Australian Corporations and Securities Legislation

Question: Discuss about the Australian Corporations and Securities Legislation. Answer: Section 198a of the Corporation Act 2001 Any company registered in Australia is governed by the provisions laid down in the Corporation Act 2001 and they are applied to these companies as replaceable rules either by the Corporation or the constitution or both. It applies basically to companies which are formed after section 135(1) commenced. Further companies that do not have a constitution of their own fall automatically under the category of replaceable rules. Provisions that apply to the powers and duties of a director fall under replaceable rules of section 135 of the Act. It falls under section 198A (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2006). Section 198A deals with the powers of the board of directors of a company which is listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The said section is divided into two sub sections. Section 198 A(1) which enumerates the fact that it is the duty of the directors to manage the business of an entity. They are the employees of the company who are appointed by the shareholders of a company to manage the daily business. They are responsible creating value for the money invested by the shareholders. Section 198A(2) deals with the powers that the directors are conferred with to exercise apart from any such powers with the said Act or the companys constitution defines to be exercised in the general meeting of a company exclusively (Tomasic et.al. 2002). The powers of the directors are wide enough to cover almost all the areas except for some crucial stances which only the owners are capable to exercise. Thus the following section was a necessity to guide the directors what powers they possess for co nducting the business of a company effectively. Section 191 of the Corporation Act 2001 In this commercial world it was found that there are many instances where directors may end up entering into a contract with a company where in he has conflicts of interest which is not in line with the common law such as in the case of Transvaal Lands Co v New Belgium (Transvaal) Land and Development Co [1914] 2 Ch. 488. This lead to the introduction of statutory disclosure rule in the form of section 191 introduced in the Corporation Act 2001 by the CLERP Act (Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, 2001). The said section requires the directors to disclose their material personal interest if any, while entering into a contract on behalf of the company. He is required to give a written notice about his interest detailing the intricacy of the situation to the other directors of the board. However it does not apply if he is just receiving remuneration from the other company or has just provided a guarantee for repayment. The interest should be made a part of the minutes of the meeting of the company (Cassidy, 2006). The main reason for the inclusion of this disclosure section was to safeguard the interest of the company and that a decision can be tken with regards a contract without prejudice. Thus since in the history there has been issues wherein due to non-disclosure of interest of the directors in a particular contract the companys profits or reputation or decision has affected. Thus to safeguard the same and impose self-regulation over the acts of the directors the said section was introduced in the Corporation Act 2001 (Legal Services Commission, 2012). Section 250r(2) (3) of the Corporation Act 2001 Section 250R (2) of the Corporations Act 2011 was introduced in the year 2011 by an amendment in the Corporation Amendment (Improving Accountability n Director and Executive Remuneration) Act 2011. It specifies that if in two meetings continuously more than a quarter of the shareholders vote against the remuneration package offered to a director then the said director will have to stand for the elections again within three months or to be precise within 90 days. The said section became effective from 01st of July 2004. It basically confers to the fact that at any AGM one of the four compulsory businesses to be conducted includes remuneration of the directors as well. Thus the said report should be put to vote by all the shareholders before the remuneration of the directors are fixed. This protects the interest of the company and deters it to pay extra or abnormally high to the directors of the company (CCH, 2011). The said section generally enables strengthening of the relationship between the directors and the shareholders of the company. However many critics have voted against this section as it dilutes the power of the directors to some extent. Further it also affects the performance of the executives in both negative as well as positive manner. Section 250R (3) was also introduced along with the said section 250R(2) on 01st of July 2004 which states that the votes casted for the said resolution is advisory in nature and not binding upon the directors or the company per se. Thus the said section clearly specifies that the directors are not bound to adhere to the said resolution and is only used as an advisory. Thus the two sections are inter-related to each other. The resolution with regards the remuneration is advisory as there are circumstances wherein the shareholders appoint proxies who do not have much idea about the company and ay end up casting a vote which is not right in its true sense. Further, Australian Contracts are generally of a shorter time gap and hence it may also affect the remuneration amount being decided by the shareholders at the AGM. There voting at times may lead to casting or taking decisions which are not right thus the said section was included so as to safeguard the directors from bearing the bru nt of any such decision which would be conflicting with regards the duties they perform. References: Australian Institute of Company Directors, (2006), Chairman of the Board A Role in the Spotlight, Southwood Press Pty Ltd: Australia Cassidy, J., (2006), Concise Corporations Law, 5th eds, The Federation Press: Australia CCH, (2011), Australian Corporations Securities Legislation, Volume 1, McPhesons Printing Group: Australia Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, (2001), Corporations Act 2001- Section 191, Available at https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s191.html (Accessed 06th September 2016) Legal Services Commission, (2012), General Duties of Directors- Corporations Act 2001 (Ctth), Available at https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch05s01s03s02.php (Accessed 06th Septmber 2016) Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R., (2002), Corporation Law in Australia, The Federation Press: NSW